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karyorrhexis是什么意思，karyorrhexis翻译
Karyorrhexis: The Cellular Autopsy of Apoptosis
Karyorrhexis is a term used to describe the final stage of apoptosis, a highly regulated process of programmed cell death. This process is essential for maintaining tissue homeostasis, development, and eliminating damaged or unwanted cells. In karyorrhexis, the nucleus of the cell undergoes disintegration, leading to the death of the cell.
The process of apoptosis begins with the activation of death receptors on the cell surface, which leads to the release of intracellular contents, including DNA, into the extracellular environment. This is in contrast to necrosis, a pathological form of cell death that results from injury or ischemia and causes the release of cellular contents into the extracellular space, leading to inflammation.
Karyorrhexis is a morphological event that can be observed under a light microscope. During this stage, the nucleus condenses and fragmentation of DNA occurs. The condensed DNA, known as chromatin, becomes visible as darkly stained structures. The fragmented DNA is then enclosed within a membrane, forming apoptotic bodies. These bodies are then recognized and cleared by phagocytes, preventing the release of potentially harmful cellular contents into the extracellular environment.
The process of karyorrhexis is tightly regulated and involves a series of molecular events. One of the key events is the activation of caspases, a family of proteolytic enzymes that cleave nuclear proteins, leading to the breakdown of the nuclear envelope and DNA fragmentation. The caspases also target cellular structures, leading to the characteristic changes seen in apoptotic cells, such as收缩 and membrane blebbing.
Karyorrhexis is an essential part of the apoptotic process, allowing for the orderly removal of cells without causing damage to the surrounding tissue. This process is critical for the elimination of infected or cancerous cells and the sculpting of developing tissues during embryogenesis.
In summary, karyorrhexis is the final stage of apoptosis, a highly regulated process of programmed cell death. During this stage, the nucleus of the cell undergoes disintegration, leading to the death of the cell. The process of karyorrhexis is essential for maintaining tissue homeostasis, development, and the elimination of damaged or unwanted cells.